Wood is a hygroscopic, cellular material, meaning its condition is in constant flux with its environment. A professional approach to polishing wooden tables requires first identifying the existing finish, as this dictates the entire methodology.

Finish Identification: The Critical First Step

• Hard Finishes (Polyurethane, Varnish): These create a protective film over the wood. A drop of water will bead on the surface. They do not require “feeding,” but rather cleaning and protection of the film itself.
• Oiled Finishes (Tung, Linseed): These penetrate the wood grain. Water will soak in or leave a dark spot. These finishes require periodic re-oiling to prevent drying and cracking.
• Wax Finishes: Often found on antiques, wax provides a soft lustre. Test with a fingernail in an inconspicuous area; if a waxy residue appears, it’s a wax finish.

Polishing Agents: A Chemical Breakdown

Selecting the correct agent is paramount.

Professional Technique: The Figure-Eight Method

For applying wax polish, professionals use a clean, lint-free cloth in a continuous figure-eight motion. This ensures an even, thin application without streaks. The polish is then left to haze over before being buffed with a separate clean cloth, always following the direction of the wood grain. This second buffing action is what creates the deep, lasting shine.

Polishing metal is a process of controlled abrasion. The goal is to smooth the surface at a microscopic level to create a uniform reflection of light. The choice of abrasive and technique is critical to avoid permanent damage.

Stainless Steel: The Importance of the Grain

Stainless steel has a visible grain. Polishing against this grain creates thousands of tiny scratches, dulling the finish. A professional always identifies the grain direction first. A micro-abrasive polish is applied with a soft cloth, moving only with the grain. The final buff is also performed in the same direction to achieve a flawless, factory-finish look.

Brass & Copper: The Science of Tarnish Removal

Tarnish is the result of oxidation. Effective polishing requires a two-stage chemical and mechanical process.

• Chemical Action: A mild acidic agent (like that found in specialised brass cleaners) is used to dissolve the copper oxide (tarnish) without eating into the metal itself.
• Mechanical Action: A very fine abrasive within the polish then removes the dissolved tarnish and smooths the surface. The final step is applying a microcrystalline wax to seal the surface from the air, significantly slowing future oxidation.

Glass Tables: The Physics of a Streak-Free Finish

Streaks on glass are caused by microscopic residue and mineral deposits left behind by evaporating water. A professional technique eliminates these variables.

• Purified Water: Using distilled or de-ionised water is critical. Tap water contains minerals that are left on the surface as streaks when the water evaporates.
• The Two-Cloth Method: One microfibre cloth, lightly dampened with an ammonia-free cleaner or an alcohol/water solution, is used for the initial clean. A second, completely dry, high-density microfibre cloth is used immediately after to buff the surface, removing any remaining moisture before it can evaporate and leave residue.

Granite & Marble: The Art of Sealing and Polishing

Polished stone is porous. The primary goal is to clean, enhance the shine, and maintain the protective seal. Using acidic or alkaline cleaners (like vinegar or bleach) will chemically etch the surface, creating permanent dull spots.

A professional uses a pH-neutral cleaner. After cleaning, a stone-specific polishing compound, which often contains fine mineral abrasives, is used to restore lustre. The final, crucial step is the application of an impregnating sealer. This penetrates the stone’s pores and hardens, creating an invisible barrier against stains and moisture, which is the true key to long-term preservation.